Charles Louis John (1771-1847), archduke of Austria, third son of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, born in Florence, Italy. In 1796, during the French Revolution, he commanded the Austrian army of the Rhine River, and in a major battle defeated a superior French force led by generals Jean Victor Moreau and Jean Baptiste Jourdan. In 1799 he was again victorious over Jourdan, and in June defeated French Marshal André Masséna at Zürich. Charles then became governor-general of Bohemia and formed a new army there. After a decisive Austrian defeat at Hohenlinden in 1800, he reassumed the Austrian command. Five years later, during the Napoleonic Wars, he defeated Masséna at Caldiero, Italy, but retreated to Croatia following Austrian losses elsewhere. This retreat was one of his greatest military achievements. Made field marshal of the Austrian forces, in May 1809 he routed Napoleon at the Battle of Aspern and Essling (near Vienna). Charles, however, did not follow up his victory, and Napoleon, who reinforced his army, defeated Charles at Wagram a few weeks later. The archduke was compelled to retreat until he reached Znojmo (now in the Czech Republic), where an armistice was concluded. He thereafter lived in virtual retirement.