Santiago de Cuba, city, southeastern Cuba, capital of Santiago de Cuba Province, on the Bay of Santiago. The deep, landlocked bay forms a natural harbor; the city, which is a major seaport, is the export center for copper, iron, and agricultural products from the surrounding region. Industrial establishments in the city include foundries and distilleries, as well as factories in which cigars, soap, and building materials are produced. A university is here. Santiago de Cuba was founded in 1514 by the Spanish soldier Diego Velázquez. In 1898 it was the scene of the Battle of Santiago, a decisive battle of the Spanish-American War. On July 26, 1953, the Moncada army barracks in Santiago were the object of an abortive attack by a force under the Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro; the engagement marked the beginning of his ultimately successful revolution. Population (2000 estimate) 441,524.