I.

Introduction

Investiture Controversy, major dispute between church and state in the 11th and 12th centuries over the role played by lay princes in the ceremonies by which bishops and abbots were installed in their offices. Specifically at issue was the practice whereby the prince bestowed on the prelate the ring and staff that were the symbols of his spiritual authority.

The practice of investiture by the laity developed in the early Middle Ages, as emperors and kings tried to attach to themselves the wealth and authority prelates possessed by offering them protection in return. The practice was, therefore, a natural outgrowth of the feudal system, in which prelates were often secular rulers as well (and thus vassals of the king). The lay princes were often more concerned that bishops and abbots be loyal to them than that they be morally upright.