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United States Geological Survey (USGS), research agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior, established in 1879. It is responsible for interpreting and mapping the geology, hydrology, and topography of the United States and its territories and for investigating and appraising mineral, energy, and water resources. The agency investigates such natural hazards as volcanoes, earthquakes, and landslides. It performs scientific research and publishes the results of its studies.