I.

Introduction

Grover Cleveland (1837-1908), 22nd and 24th president of the United States (1885-1889, 1893-1897), the only chief executive to be reelected after defeat. Cleveland adopted the credo “a public office is a public trust,” and in his two nonconsecutive terms, he spent much of his energy resisting political influences and the party favoritism characteristic of that era. As a result, he managed to offend almost every political faction and to win the anger of many private organizations and individuals as well. It is for his stubborn courage and integrity, rather than for any outstanding achievement as president, that Cleveland is remembered.