II.

Origins

The spoils system originated during the colonial period and flourished in state governments after 1800. Before 1829, however, appointments to the federal service were made on the basis of “fitness for office,” as enunciated by George Washington. In accordance with that principle, Washington had included in his cabinet Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, two men of outstanding ability who were the leaders of opposing political groups. Washington's successors were not so tolerant of opposition in major positions, but not until the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828 was the principle of “fitness” abandoned for the minor offices.