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These step-by-step instructions and examples are a great starting place for many homework projects. Follow these steps to break up a big assignment into doable pieces, learn how to efficiently complete each part to get the most out of your time, and organize your work to finish everything when due.
Citation Guide: Chicago Style
First published by the University of Chicago Press in 1906, The Chicago Manual of Style is a standard reference for professional editors and publishers in many fields. The Chicago Manual of Style offers two very different systems for citing sources, the Chicago author-date system and the Chicago humanities style.
This citation guide offers a brief introduction to the Chicago author-date system, and it illustrates proper citation format for a number of commonly used research sources. The list of Print Sources includes resources typically found in a library, such as books, journals, magazines, and newspapers. The list of Electronic Sources includes resources found online or published on DVD or CD-ROM, including encyclopedias, journals, magazines, newspapers, and government documents. The information in this guide is based on the fifteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (2003). For more complete information, including guidelines for the Chicago humanities style, consult The Chicago Manual of Style or the official Chicago Manual of Style Web site.
The Chicago author-date system is one of several commonly used styles for citing references. Your school, or your instructor, may require a different citation style, such as MLA style, developed by the Modern Language Association, or APA style, developed by the American Psychological Association. If Chicago style formatting is required, be sure you know whether you should use the Chicago author-date system illustrated in this guide or the Chicago humanities style. When in doubt about which style to use, ask your instructor.
Citations are notes acknowledging the source of ideas, information, and quoted passages used in a research paper. A complete citation typically includes the author, title, publisher, date, and other information to help readers locate the original source.
There are at least three good reasons for citing references:
- It’s the right thing to do. Using another writer’s words or ideas without citing the source is plagiarism.
- Citations allow readers to look up your sources. This helps put your ideas and conclusions into context.
- For school papers, citations are usually required.
The list of References, sometimes labeled Works Cited or Bibliography in other citation styles, is an alphabetized list of citations at the end of a research paper. The list is double-spaced, and each item is formatted with a hanging indent; that is, the second and subsequent lines are indented more than the first line. For example:
Bailey, Garrick, and James Peoples. 1999. Introduction to cultural anthropology.
Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
References that appear within the body of a paper are called in-text citations. The first time a source is mentioned, it should be cited as part of the text. The citation, including the year of publication and any relevant page numbers, can be enclosed in parentheses and added as a separate sentence. For example:
… By the end of the 1980s, Gorbachev was losing patience with the
Lithuanian independence movement. (Serrill, 1990, 29). …
If referring to the work as a whole, omit page numbers from the in-text citation:
… In response to Lithuania’s declaration of independence, the
Soviet Union imposed an economic blockade. (Serrill, 1990). …
The citation can also be written into a sentence, with the year of publication in parentheses following the author name or title, and any page numbers in parentheses at the end of the sentence:
… According to Serrill (1990), by the end of the 1980s, Gorbachev was
losing patience with the Lithuanian independence movement (29). …
The Chicago author-date system follows certain rules that set it apart from other citation styles.
- Only the first word of a title or subtitle, and proper nouns, are capitalized in book, magazine, journal, and article titles.
- Newspapers and general reference works such as encyclopedias or dictionaries are not cited in the list of References. However, they should be documented as in-text citations.
- Whenever possible, the full first and middle names of authors are used. If only initials are available, it is acceptable to use them.
- In-text citations always include the publication date. If referring to a particular section of a work, page numbers for that section are also included in the in-text citation, but not in the list of References. With the exception of journal articles and printable documents, electronic sources do not usually display page numbers; if page numbers cannot be found, there is no need to include them.
For each type of research source, a format “formula” is provided, followed by an example drawn from an existing published work. Each citation is shown in two forms: first as it would appear in the list of References, then as it would appear as an in-text citation.
Author, First Middle. Year published. Book title. City {include state, province, or country
abbreviation if city is not well known}: Publisher.
In text: (Author year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author year published)
Example:
Salinger, Jerome David. 1951. The catcher in the rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
In text: (Salinger 1951, 106-107) or (Salinger 1951)
Author, First Middle, and First Middle Author2. Year published. Book title. City {include state,
province, or country abbreviation if city is not well known}: Publisher.
In text: (Author and Author2 year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author and Author2 year published)
Example:
Bailey, Garrick, and James Peoples. 1999. Introduction to cultural anthropology. Belmont, CA:
Thomson Wadsworth.
In text: (Bailey and Peoples 1999, 96-99) or (Bailey and Peoples 1999)
Author, First Middle, First Middle Author2, and First Middle Author3. Year published. Book title.
City {include state, province, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.
In text: (Author, et al. year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author, et al. year published)
Example:
Sebranek, Patrick, Verne Meyer, and Dave Kemper. 2004. Write for college. Wilmington, MA: Great
Source Education Group.
In text: (Sebranek, et al. 2004, 231) or (Sebranek, et al. 2004)
(Two authors in this example)
Author, First Middle, and First Middle Author2. Year published. Book title. xth ed. City {include
state, province, or country if city is not well known}: Publisher.
In text: (Author and Author2 year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author and Author2 year published)
Example:
Mertler, Craig A., and Carol M. Charles. 2005. Introduction to educational research. 5th ed. Boston:
Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
In text: (Mertler and Charles 2005, 321) or (Mertler and Charles 2005)
(Two authors in this example)
Author, First Middle, and First Middle Author2. Year published. Article title. Journal title volume:
start page-end page of entire article.
In text: (Author and Author2 year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author and Author2 year published)
Example:
O’Connell, John F., and George M. Perkins. 2003. The economics of private liberal arts colleges.
Journal of business 76: 499-514.
In text: (O’Connell and Perkins 2003, 501) or (O’Connell and Perkins 2003)
(One author in this example)
Author, First Middle. Year published. Article title. Magazine title, Month day, start page-end page
of entire article.
In text: (Author year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author year published)
Example:
Serrill, Michael S. 1990. Soviet Union war of nerves. Time, April 2, 26-30.
In text: (Serrill 1990, 29) or (Serrill 1990)
(One author in this example)
NOTE: In Chicago style, newspaper articles are not listed in the bibliography. Instead, the date, author and newspaper are cited as a running part of the text (not in parentheses). The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … In Newspaper Title on Month day, year, First Author noted …
Example:
In text: … In the Des Moines Register on December 31, 2005, Lee Rood noted …
NOTE: In Chicago style, newspaper articles are not listed in the bibliography. For an article with no author listed, the date, article title, and newspaper are cited as a running part of the text (not in parentheses). The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … On Month day, year, in the article “Article title,” Newspaper Title reported that …
Example:
In text: … On April 26, 2006, in the article “Gas prices: Pollution rules may be eased,” The Seattle Times reported that …
(One author in this example)
NOTE: In Chicago style, well-known encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works are not listed in the bibliography. Instead, the author, topic, and reference title (including year or volume number) are cited as part of the text. The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … According to First Author’s article on topic in Title of Reference Work {including year or volume number}, …
Example:
In text: … According to John Hart’s article on water pollution in Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006, …
NOTE: In Chicago style, well-known encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works are not listed in the bibliography. For an encyclopedia article without an author, the topic and reference title (including year or volume number) are cited as part of the text. The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … As noted in the article on topic in Title of Reference Work {including year or volume number}, …
Example:
In text: … As noted in the article on the common cold in Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006, …
(One author in this example)
NOTE: In Chicago style, well-known encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works are not listed in the bibliography. Instead, the author, topic, reference title (including year or volume number), and format (DVD or CD-ROM) are cited as part of the text. The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … According to First Author’s article on topic in Title of Reference Work {including year or volume number} [DVD {or CD-ROM}], …
Example:
In text: … According to John Hart’s article on water pollution in Microsoft Student 2007 [DVD], …
NOTE: In Chicago style, well-known encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works are not listed in the bibliography. For sources without an author, the topic, reference title (including year or volume number), and format (DVD or CD-ROM) are cited as part of the text. The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … As noted in the article on topic in Title of Reference Work {including year or volume number} [DVD {or CD-ROM}], …
Example:
In text: … As noted in the article on the common cold in Microsoft Student 2007 [DVD], …
(Five authors in this example)
Author, First Middle, First Middle Author2, First Middle Author3, First Middle Author4, and First
Middle Author5. Year published. Article title. Journal Title volume (Month day {date of
publication}): start page-end page of entire article {if available}. URL (accessed Month
day, year {date retrieved from Web}).
In text: (Author, et al. year published, start page-end page of specific reference) or (Author, et al. year published)
Example:
Muntner, Paul, Jiang He, Jeffrey A. Cutler, Rachel P. Wildman, and Paul K. Whelton. 2004.
Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA) 291 (May 5): 2107-2113.
(accessed May 22, 2007).
In text: (Muntner, et al. 2004, 2110-2111) or (Muntner, et al. 2004)
(One author in this example)
Author, First Middle. Year published. Article title. Magazine Title (Month day {date of publication}).
URL (accessed Month day, year {date retrieved from Web}).
In text: (Author year published)
Example:
Nash, J. Madeleine. 2006. Where the waters are rising. Time (February 20).
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601050425,00.html
(accessed April 25, 2006).
In text: (Nash 2006)
(One author in this example)
NOTE: In Chicago style, newspaper articles are not listed in the bibliography. Instead, the date and newspaper title are cited as part of the text. If an author is listed, the author’s name is included in the in-text citation. If there is no author, the article title is included in place of the author’s name. The sample below illustrates one way of writing such a citation.
In text: … In the online edition of Newspaper Title on Month day year, First Author noted that …
Example:
In text: … In the online edition of The New York Times on April 19, 2005, Sharon Waxman noted that …
Government Agency. Year published. Title of publication. City: Publisher {if available}. URL
(accessed Month day, year {date retrieved from Web}).
In text: (Government Agency {can use short form of agency name} year published, start page-end page of specific reference{if available}) or (Government Agency {can use short form of agency name}, year published)
Example:
United States Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement. 2004. Innovations in
Education: Alternative Routes to Teacher Certification. Washington, D.C.: Education Publications
Center. http://www.ed.gov/admins/tchrqual/recruit/altroutes/report.html (accessed
April 20, 2006).
In text: (U. S. Department of Education 2004, 2-3) or (U. S. Department of Education 2004)
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