In the early 20th century British explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton made attempts to reach the South Pole, but severe weather, hunger, and sickness forced them to turn back before attaining their goal. The superior skill and technique of Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen enabled him to take a shorter, steeper route to the pole, which he reached in December 1911. Scott reached the pole just weeks later on his second attempt but died on the return journey.