When Elizabeth I died childless in 1603, her closest relative, James VI of Scotland, acquired a second kingdom as James I of England. His rule united both nations under a single monarchy, which eventually resulted in the creation of the United Kingdom. Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James repressed both Catholics and Protestants alike and maintained the divine right of kings.
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York