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Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II |
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| The struggle between the church and the Holy Roman Empire hurt both institutions during the13th century. Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor, was in continual conflict with the papacy. He was excommunicated in 1227 for failing to lead a Crusade, but was reinstalled when he successfully conquered Jerusalem the following year. His problems with the church were not over, however, and he was excommunicated two more times in the next 20 years. | ||||||
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| Library of Congress | ||||||
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| Appears in these articles: | ||||||
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| Middle Ages; Renaissance; Frederick II (Holy Roman Empire) | ||||||
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