| A member of the rationalist school of philosophy, Baruch Spinoza pursued knowledge through deductive reasoning rather than induction. Following the format of Elements, the mathematical treatise written by the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, Spinoza’s Ethics (1674) organized morality and religion into definitions, axioms, and postulates. Regarded as one of the western world’s premier modern exponents of pantheism, Spinoza expressed a philosophy that identified God with nature. |