British naturalist Charles Darwin was one of the first scientists to study emotion. In The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (1872), Darwin observed that dogs growl and draw back their ears and lips as a sign of savageness. When cats are terrified, they hiss or growl, arch their back, draw back their ears, and expose their teeth, and their hair becomes erect. Darwin believed that some of these expressions evolved from movements originally associated with fighting and gradually came to be used in any threatening situation. These engravings by Thomas Wood appeared in Darwin’s book.
Charles Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Third Edition published by Oxford University Press 1998.