| 1. In genetic engineering, scientists use restriction enzymes to isolate a segment of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contains a gene—for example, the gene regulating insulin production. 2. A plasmid removed from a bacterium and treated with the same restriction enzyme binds with the DNA fragment to form a hybrid plasmid. 3. The hybrid plasmid is re-inserted back into the bacterium, where it replicates as part of the cell’s DNA. 4. A large number of identical daughter cells (clones) can be cultured and their gene products extracted for human use. |
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