Fuel Cell

Fuel Cell, device in which the energy of a chemical reaction is converted directly into electricity. Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down; it operates as long as fuel and an oxidant are supplied continuously from outside the cell. Several companies are developing fuel cells that they hope will replace conventional internal-combustion engines in automobiles over the next few decades. In 2008 the Honda Motor Company became the first to begin commercial production of a fuel-cell powered vehicle.

A fuel cell consists of an anode, the negative end of an electric circuit, and a cathode, the positive end of an electric circuit, separated by an electrolyte. Electrolytes are substances that allow ions (particles formed when a neutral atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons) to pass through them. Fuel flows to the anode, and an oxidant flows to the cathode. The chemical reaction between the fuel and the oxidant produces an electric current. Various fuels may be used, but research and development in recent years has focused on hydrogen fuel cells.

In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell’s anode, and an oxidant, commonly the oxygen present in air, is supplied to the cathode. The fuel cell strips electrons from the hydrogen atoms. These electrons move from the anode through the electric circuit to the cathode, creating an electric current that can be tapped to provide power. The electron-deficient hydrogen atoms meanwhile pass through the electrolyte to the cathode. There the electrons that passed through the circuit recombine with the electron-deficient hydrogen atoms. Oxygen (from the air) reacts with this reformed hydrogen, producing water. Water produced at the cathode has to be removed continuously to avoid flooding the cell.

Hydrogen fuel cells hold great promise as low-pollution automobile engines if certain difficulties can be overcome. Water, the only waste product of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell, is nonpolluting and can be used to cool the engine. The oxygen the cells need is readily available in air. Hydrogen, however, is not so readily available, and there is no existing delivery system to convey hydrogen to all the places people would need it to power their cars. In addition, pure hydrogen is not abundant enough to provide power for all the cars on the road today. Instead, hydrogen would need to be extracted from other substances, a process that requires energy. This energy could conceivably be provided by nonpolluting and sustainable energy resources, such as wind or solar power. See also Solar Energy; Wind Energy.

In 2008 Honda Motor Company became the first auto manufacturer to begin commercial production of a hydrogen fuel-celled vehicle. Only a limited number of the FCX Clarity came into production, however, due to a lack of hydrogen-fueling facilities. The vehicle was not expected to serve as a model for lowering carbon dioxide emissions and thereby combating global warming because the technology was still unavailable to produce pure hydrogen without using more fossil fuel than would be saved by driving a carbon-emission-free vehicle.