Biofeedback

Biofeedback, a technique by which patients monitor their own bodily functions in an attempt to alter those functions. Primarily used in treating painful or stress-related conditions, biofeedback helps a patient control physiological processes that are normally considered involuntary.

In biofeedback training, electronic or mechanical instruments attached to the patient measure physical functioning, such as the degree of muscle tension. The machines then transform this information into amplified signals that the patient can hear or see—for example, a beep or a flashing light—thus enabling the patient to know when internal responses are abnormal. This feedback information (see Automation) can then guide the patient in trying to gain control over the internal condition.

Biofeedback learning has been likened to that involved in mastering an athletic skill. Although this kind of learning may occur in biofeedback, its benefits often are largely the result of relaxation induced by the procedure. Most treatments include training in formal relaxation techniques, which when used alone, often produce benefits equal to the biofeedback-assisted relaxation.

Biofeedback was developed in the late 1960s by scientists studying learning and the control of neuromuscular disorders, the autonomic nervous system, and mental states. Their work led to exaggerated claims that biofeedback would enable people to alter states of consciousness, lower blood pressure, and regulate heart functioning at will. Research has shown that although some degree of control is possible, it can be too limited to correct abnormal conditions.

Biofeedback is used to treat many disorders brought on or aggravated by stress, such as tension and migraine headaches, Raynaud's disease (abnormally cold hands and feet), tics, and muscle tension. It has shown particular promise in helping patients to recover the use of paralyzed limbs.