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Established by Congress in 1968, the National Eye Institute supports research and education regarding diseases of the human eye, visual disorders, saving sight, and health problems of people who are visually impaired or blind. It funds research that investigates cataracts, glaucoma, retinal and corneal diseases, strabismus, and rehabilitation of people with low vision or blindness. Through a network called eyeGene the institute supports efforts to link specific genes with eye disorders.
Established by Congress in 1948, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute supports research and education involving diseases of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and blood. The institute conducts its own research initiatives in laboratories located at NIH headquarters. It also administers the National Center on Sleep Disorders, which directs research concerning sleep and sleep problems, and it oversees the Women’s Health Initiative, a long-term study of chronic diseases in women. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute supports training for new and established researchers. The institute also conducts educational programs for health professionals, patients, and the public.
The National Human Genome Research Institute, founded in 1989, directed NIH involvement in the Human Genome Project, a worldwide effort to decode the entire human genetic “blueprint” that was completed in 2003. The institute funds genetic research at universities and other research facilities throughout the United States. In its own laboratories, the institute develops and implements technology for understanding, diagnosing, and treating genetic diseases. Cancer is among the most important of these diseases. The institute conducts studies to understand the contributions of genes to such common illnesses as asthma, arthritis, depression, and diabetes, as well as fairly rare diseases. The National Human Genome Research Institute was the lead agency among eight NIH institutes that jointly established the Center for Inherited Disease Research in 1996. The center performs laboratory analyses for researchers attempting to link specific genes to human diseases. The institute also administers the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications Research Program, which investigates the social and moral issues surrounding genetic research, genetic testing, and the use and interpretation of genetic information (see Genetic Counseling). The program educates health professionals, policymakers, and the public about genetic research and gene therapies.
Established in 1948, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases coordinates and funds research involving allergic, immunologic, and infectious diseases, and it seeks improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these illnesses. It funds and conducts research on asthma; cholera and other infectious diseases of the intestine; malaria and other tropical diseases; and sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS, chlamydia, syphilis, and herpes. The institute is the lead agency in the Public Health System for vaccine research and funds the development of vaccines from initial research to clinical trials. It develops measures to meet the threats of bioterrorism (see Chemical and Biological Warfare) and radiation exposure, and it conducts research on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), West Nile virus, and tuberculosis. The institute also directs many federal research efforts involving acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), including an initiative to develop a safe and effective vaccine against the disease.
Established by Congress in 1985, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases investigates the causes, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the muscles, joints, bones, and skin. It seeks improved methods of treating arthritis, muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, and other debilitating diseases of the musculoskeletal system. It trains researchers and facilitates the spread of information about these diseases. The institute also supports clinical research in sports and rehabilitation medicine.
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