Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duc d’Angoulême

Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duc d’Angoulême (1775-1844), eldest son of King Charles X of France. He was appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom by his uncle, King Louis XVIII, but he failed to overcome the forces of Napoleon—when the latter returned from exile in Elba in 1815—because the royal troops deserted. In 1823 Angoulême led the French invasion of Spain to restore absolutism in that country in the name of the Holy Alliance. In 1799 he married his cousin Marie Thérèse Charlotte, the only daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie-Antoinette. When the July Revolution broke out in 1830, Angoulême and his wife were exiled, living out their lives in Austria.