Berber

Berber, language and people found in large sections of North Africa. Berbers make up a native, non-Arab population that is mainly found in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Berbers may have skin color that ranges from white and near-white to dark brown. Through the centuries they have mixed with so many other ethnic groups, notably the Arabs, that Berbers are now usually identified on a linguistic rather than an ethnic basis. The Berber language is a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family and comprises about 300 closely related local dialects. It is primarily a spoken language; its written form is little known and rarely used.

The number of identifiable Berbers in North Africa is slowly declining as more and more of them adopt the language and culture of the Arab majority. Like the Arabs, the Berbers are Muslims; they are less orthodox, however, and their religious rituals include many elements that derive from ancient pre-Islamic and pagan religions. Most of the Berbers inhabit rural areas, where they have traditionally lived in tents and clay huts or, in the larger villages, in stone houses. The traditional Berber occupations are sheep and cattle raising, but increasing numbers raise crops. Other industries in which Berbers have engaged include flour milling, wood carving, the quarrying of millstones, and the production of domestic utensils, agricultural implements, pottery, jewelry, and leather goods.

The Berbers have lived in North Africa since the earliest recorded time. References to them date from about 3000 bc and occur frequently in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman sources. For many centuries the Berbers inhabited the coast of North Africa from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean. They continued to inhabit the region until the 7th century ad, when the Arabs conquered North Africa and drove many Berber tribes inland to the Atlas Mountains and to areas in and near the Sahara.

After the Arab conquest, the Berbers embraced Islam, the faith of their new rulers. Succeeding centuries were marked by almost continuous struggles for power in North Africa among the various Berber tribes, between the Berbers and the Arabs, and between both these peoples and Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman invaders. During the same period the Barbary Coast of North Africa, the name of which is derived from the word Berber, became famous as the principal base of Arab and Berber pirates, who preyed on Mediterranean shipping.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries France and Spain subjugated Morocco and Algeria. After World War I (1914-1918) the Berber and Arab populations of North Africa began actively to seek independence. Beginning in 1921, the Rif, led by the Rif emir Abd el-Krim, repeatedly defeated Spanish troops occupying the Spanish zone of Morocco; Berbers advanced into French Morocco in 1926 but were repulsed the following year by combined French and Spanish forces. During the upsurge of native nationalism that swept French North Africa after World War II (1939-1945), the Berbers played a somewhat equivocal role. In French Morocco, Berbers, led by the pro-French Berber pasha Thami el-Mezouari el-Glaoui, constituted the chief bulwark of French control.

In 1953 the French, aided by el-Glaoui, deposed and exiled the nationalist sultan of Morocco, Mohammed V. Anti-French feeling grew steadily thereafter among the Berbers of Morocco, as well as among the Arabs. On August 20, 1955, a force of Berbers from the Atlas Mountains region of Algeria raided two rural settlements in Morocco and killed 77 French nationals. After a number of such anti-French outbreaks among the Berbers of Morocco, el-Glaoui, yielding to popular sentiment, adopted a nationalist position. The loss of Berber support helped force the French to end the exile of Mohammed V in 1955 and to grant Morocco independence in 1956. In Algeria violent resistance to French rule by segments of both the Berber and the Arab population continued until the country was granted independence in 1962 (see Algerian War of Independence).