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Turkish Much of English is made up of words from other languages, and some are from Turkish. Though relatively few purely Turkish words have moved directly into English, many words have migrated through Turkish on their way into the language, especially from Arabic and Persian, or have set out from Turkish and found their way by a more circuitous route. A typical example would be Turkish ordu, "camp, army," which is represented in English as both horde and Urdu. The former arrived in the mid-16th century, either directly or via French and German from Polish horda, which is from the Turkish word. Urdu came later, in the late 18th century, via Persian and Urdu (zabān i) urdū "(language of the) camp," from the same Turkish ordū "camp." Turkish tülbend, "turban," represents a significant stage in the development of both turban and tulip, as it is the source of the words from which turban was borrowed in the mid-16th century (French turbant and Italian turbante), and also of the French tulipe, from which tulip was adopted later in the same century, though the Turkish itself goes back further to Persian dulband.
Turkish naturally played a part in the migration of words relating to Eastern culture or society: for example, bazaar, immediately from Italian in the late 16th century, but with the Italian via Turkish from Persian bazaar "market"; divan, adopted at much the same time via French or Italian from Turkish dīvān, itself from Persian; fez, early 19th century via French from Turkish fes; harem, mid-17th century, via Turkish from Arabic ḥaram "prohibited (place), women's quarters"; minaret, late 17th century from French from Turkish mināri from Arabic manāra "lighthouse, minaret"; yashmak, mid-19th century directly from Turkish yaşmak. Some of the most familiar migrants from Turkish relate to food and drink: baklava in the mid-17th century; bulgur wheat, a relative newcomer, mid-20th century via Turkish from Persian bulgūr "bruised grain"; caviar, mid-16th century via French and Italian from Turkish havyar (from Persian dialect khāvyār); coffee, late 16th century via Turkish kahve from Arabic (the Turkish word is also the source, through French, of café); meze, "assortment of snacks or light dishes," early 20th century from Turkish, from Persian maza "taste, relish"; pilaf, early 17th century from Turkish pilâv, "cooked rice"; sherbet, early 17th century via Turkish şerbet and Persian šerbet from Arabic šarbat "drink" (the Turkish is also the source, through French and Italian, of sorbet); and yogurt, early 17th century. Some other words, all from the early 17th century, whose Turkish origins may be less apparent are jackal, via Turkish from Persian šagāl, kiosk, via French from Turkish köşk "villa" from Persian kūšk "villa, palace," and theorbo, "stringed instrument like a large lute," via Italian tiorba from Turkish torba "bag."
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